Poovarasan P*¹, Sociya Parvin M¹, Thiruthani M²
*¹PG Scholar, ²Professor & Head of the Department, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
Introduction
Purified Ferroso Ferric Oxide (Mandooram) is being used in Siddha system of Medicine for curing anaemia , amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, chlorosis, diarrhoea, chronic bowel complaints, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, nervous diseases, trigeminal neuralgia, albuminuria, kidney diseases,etc. thus is no adverse effect during the use of this drug so far.
Objective
To find out the chemical compounds present in the Mandooram
Methodology
Physio-chemical parameters, preliminary tests, tests for Acid Radicals, Tests for Basic Radicals and Other constituents with international parameters.
Result
The chemical analysis also will helpful to find out the other heavy metals and unwanted compounds project in the Mandooram from this analysis the active pharmacological and toxic compounds may be identified.
Conclusion
The physio-chemical analysis shows that some chemical compounds disappeared after purification. So the purification. Process of raw drug applied applied in Siddha system of medicine is essential before drug preparation.This study will be altered to further research in Mandooram.
Keywords
Mandooram (Ferroso Ferric Oxide),Purification, Qualitative Chemical Analysis.
Introduction
Ferroso Ferric Oxide(Mandooram) occurs as the mineral magnetite in the form of magnetic, black or red-black crystals. It is prepared by passing steam over red-hot iron. It is prepared from iron rest consisting of small particles of iron (or) forge scales. Scattered round the black smith’ s anvil, when hot iron is beaten on it. These by exposure to air become rusty brittle. Then they are considered fit for use.
Purified Mandooram is being used in Siddha system of Medicine for curing anaemia , amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, chlorosis, diarrhoea, chronic bowel complaints, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, nervous diseases, trigeminal neuralgia, albuminuria, kidney diseases,etc. thus is no adverse effect during the use of this drug so far.
Procurement and genuine of raw drugs
The Natural Mandooram were properly collected from country merchant shop, Nagarcoil and Animal & Mineral origin Drug Research Laboratory (AMDRI) of Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai has authentication certified that the above raw materials were genuine one according to the physical and chemical nature of the compound.
Purification of Mandooram
Mandooram (Raw-purified)
Puli ilai (Tamarind leaves)
Pasu neer (Cow's urine)
Water
Method of purification
Powdered Mandooram is taken in a pot and add four parts of Tamarind leaves and eight parts of water.This mixture is boiled for 3 hours and then the powder is washed and dried in sunlight. Tamarind leaves are removed.
The Mandooram is is grinded and put into a pot. Eight parts of cow's urine is added into the pot and boiled upto the cow's urine disappeared. Then the Mandooram is washed with fresh water and is dried in sunlight.
Reference : Gunapadam Thadhu Jeeva Vagupu, Dr.R.Thiyagarajan L.I .M, Page.no108,Edition 1952.Publication- Chennai.
Sample design :
Sample 1: Raw Mandooram (Unpurified)-before purification
Sample 2: Purified Mandooram -after purification.
Chemical Analytical Methods :
In this research , only analysis the physico, chemical and qualitative bio-chemical analysis only comparative with both Unpurified Mandooram in Biochemistry Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry , Govt.Siddha Medical College , Tirunelveli and VS Clinical Research and Hospital Private LTD.,Taramani,Chennai.
Physico-chemical parameters :
Determination of Total Ash
2 to 3 g of drug was weighed in the pre weighed and tared Gooch crucible was kept in the muffle furnace at a temperature not exceeding 450ºC until free from carbon then cooled and weighed and the percentage of the total ash content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.
Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash
The ash obtained from total ash was boiled with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes and insoluble matter were collected in an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited to constant weight. Later the percentage of the acid insoluble ash content was calculated with reference to the air dried drug.
Determination of Water Soluble Ash
The ash obtained from total ash content was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes and insoluble matter were collected in an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignite for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ºC the weight of the insoluble matter were subtracted from the weight of the ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash and the percentage of the water soluble ash content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.
Determination of alcohol soluble extractive
5g of coarsely powdered air dried drug was macerated with 100ml of absolute alcohol in a closed flask for twenty-four hours, shaken frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. After filtering the solution 25ml of this filtrate was evaporated in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dried at 105ºC until a constant weight was obtained. Later the percentage of alcohol-soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug was calculated.
Determination of water soluble extractive
5g of coarsely powdered air dried drug was macerated with 100ml of chloroform-water in a closed flask for twenty-four hours, shaken frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. After filtering the solution 25ml of this filtrate was evaporated in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dried at 105ºC until a constant weight was obtained. Later the percentage of water-soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug was calculated.
Determination of Moisture Content (Loss on Drying)
5 g of the drug without preliminary drying was weighed accurately in a tared evaporating dish, dried at 105ºC for 5 hours, cooled in dessicator and weighed. Later the drying and weighing process was continued at one hour interval until difference between two successive weighing of sample corresponds to not more than 0.25 percent. When the constant weight was obtained the percentage of moisture content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.
Preparation of solution for physiochemical analysis of Mandooram
5gm of unpurified Mandooram (M1) and purified Mandooram (M2) were taken in a 250ml of clean beaker and 50ml of distilled water was added to it. Then it was boiled well for about 10 min. Then it is allowed to cool and filtered in a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to 100ml with distilled water. This preparation is used for the qualitative analysis of acidic/ basic radicals and biochemical constituents in it.
In tests and analysis where applied;
· A preliminary test for Copper, Sodium, Silicate and Carbonate:
Test for silicate, action of heat, Flame test, Ash test
· Test for Acid Radicals: Test for; Sulphate, Chloride, Phosphate,
Carbonate, Nitrate, Sulphide, Fluoride & Oxalate, Nitrite,
· Test for Basic Radicals: Test for; Lead, Copper, Aluminum,
Ferrous & Ferric, Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonium,
Potassium, Sodium, Mercury, Arsenic,Ferrous iron and Ferric iron.
· Other constituents: Test for; starch, reducing sugar, alkaloids,
tannic acid, unsaturated compound and amino acids
RESULTS
Table 1 :- Physicochemical parameters of Ferroso Ferric Oxide-( Mandooram)
Test performed |
Results |
|
Sample |
M1 |
M2 |
Color |
Sandy |
Dark black |
Odour |
Odourless |
Smoky smell |
Moisture Content (Loss on Drying) |
2.05% |
3.50% |
Total Ash |
0% |
0% |
Acid Insoluble Ash |
- |
- |
Water soluble Ash |
- |
- |
Alcohol soluble extractive |
1.76% |
2.03% |
Water soluble extractive |
1.22% |
0.32% |
Ph |
7.06 |
7.13 |
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
According to the result in physic-chemical analysis ;
Color-(Sandy)was unpurified Mandooram and (Dark Black)was purified Mandooram. Unpurified Mandooram was odourless and purified Mandooram was Smoky smell. Unpurified mandooram was tasteless and purified mandooram was salty taste. Moisture Content (Loss on Drying)unpurified Mandooram was 2.05% and purified Mandooram was 3.50%. Both of the Mandoorams Total Ash was 0% Ash content Alcohol soluble extractive unpurified Mandooram was 1.76% and purified Mandooram was 2.03%. Water soluble extractive of unpurified Mandooram was 1.22% and purified Mandooram was 0.32%. pH of unpurified Mandooram was 7.06 and purified Mandooram was 7.13.
Qualitative Analysis:
Table 2:- A preliminary test for Copper, Sodium, Silicate and Carbonate;
S. No |
Chemical Test |
Observation |
Inference |
||
M1 |
M2 |
M1 |
M2 |
||
1 |
Test for Silicate A little (500mg) of the sample is shaken well with distilled water. |
Sparingly soluble |
Sparingly Soluble |
Presence of Silicate |
Presence of Silicate |
2 |
Action of Heat: A small amount of the sample is taken in a dry test tube and heated gently at first and then strong . |
White fumes not evolved |
White fumes not evolved |
Absence Of Carbonate |
Absence Of Carbonate |
3 |
Flame test: A small amount (500mg) of the sample is made into a paste with con .HCl in a watch glass and introduced into the non luminous part of the Bunsen flame. |
Bluish green flame not appeared. |
Bluish green flame not appeared. |
Absence of Copper |
Absence of Copper |
4 |
Ash test: A filter paper is soaked in to a mixture of sample and dil. cobalt nitrate solution and introduced in to the Bunsen flame and ignited. |
Yellow colour Flame not appeared |
Yellow colour Flame not appeared |
Absence of sodium |
Absence of sodium |
Table 3:- Test for Acid radicals
S. No |
EXPERIMENTS |
Observation |
Inference |
||
M1 |
M2 |
M1 |
M2 |
||
1 |
Test for Nitrate: 01gm of the substance was heated with copper turning and concentrated H2SO4 and viewed the test tube vertically down. |
Brown gas was not evolved |
Brown gas was not evolved |
Indicates the absence of Nitrate. |
Indicates the absence of Nitrate. |
2 |
Test for Sulphide : 1 gm of the substance was treated with 2ml of con.HCL. |
Rotten egg smell was not evolved |
Rotten egg smell was not evolved |
Indicates the absence of Sulphide |
Indicates the absence of Sulphide |
3 |
Test for Fluoride & Oxalate: 2ml of extract was added with 2ml of dil. Acetic acid and 2 ml dil. Calcium chloride solution and heated. |
Absence of Cloudy appearance. |
Absence of Cloudy appearance |
Indicates the absence of Fluoride & Oxalate |
Indicates the absence of Fluoride & Oxalate |
4 |
Test for Nitrite: 3 drops of the extract was placed on a filter paper, on that 2 drops of dil. acetic acid and 3drops of dil. Benzidine solution were placed |
No Characteristic changes appeared |
No Characteristic changes appeared |
Indicates the absence of Nitrite |
Indicates the absence of Nitrite |
5 |
Test for Sulphate: 2ml of the extract is added to 5% barium chloride solution |
No white precepitate is formed |
A white precepitate is formed |
Absence of Sulphate |
Indicates the Presence of Sulphate |
6 |
Test for Chloride: The extract is treated with silver nitrate solution |
A white precepitate is formed |
A white precepitate is formed |
Indicates the Presence of Chloride |
Indicates the Presence of Chloride |
Table 4. Test for Basic radicals
EXPERIMENTS |
Observation |
Inference |
||
M1 |
M2 |
M1 |
M2 |
|
Test for Lead: 2 ml of the extract was added with 2 ml |
No Yellow precipitate formed |
No Yellow precipitate formed |
Indicates the absence of Lead |
Indicates the absence of Lead |
Test for Copper One pinch(50mg) of substance was made into paste with con.HCL in watch glass and introduced into the non-luminuous part of the flame |
Blue colour precipitate was not formed |
Blue colour precipitate was not formed |
Indicates the absence of Copper |
Indicates the absence of Copper |
Test for Aluminium: In the 2 ml of extract dil. Sodium hydroxide was added in 5 drops to excess |
Yellow colour Not formed |
Yellow colour Not formed |
Indicates the absence of Aluminium |
Indicates the absence of Aluminium |
Test for Magnesium In 2 ml of extract dil. Sodium hydroxide solution was added in drops to excess |
White precipitate not formed |
White precipitate not formed |
Indicates the absence of Magnesium |
Indicates the absence of Magnesium |
Test for Ammonium: In 2ml of extract 1 ml of Nessler’s reagent and excess of dil. Sodium hydroxide solution were added |
Brown colour not formed |
Brown colour not formed |
Indicates the absence of Ammonium |
Indicates the absence of Ammonium |
Test for Potassium: A pinch (25mg) of substance was treated with 2 ml of dil. Sodium nitrite solution and then treated with 2 ml of dil. cobalt nitrate in 30% dil. glacial acetic acid |
Yellowish precipitate not formed |
Yellowish precipitate not formed |
Indicates the absence of Potassium |
Indicates the absence of Potassium |
Test for Sodium 2 pinches (50mg) of the substance was made into paste by using HCL and introduced into the blue flame of Bunsen burner |
Yellow colour flame not appeared |
Yellow colour Flame not appeared |
Indicates the absence of Sodium |
Indicates the absence of Sodium |
Test for Mercury 2ml of the extract was treated with 2ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution |
Yellow precipitate Not Formed |
Yellow precipitate Not Formed |
Indicates the absence of Mercury |
Indicates the absence of Mercury |
Test for Arsenic 2ml of the extract was treated with 2ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution |
Brownish red precipitate not formed |
Brownish red precipitate not formed |
Indicates the absence of Arsenic |
Indicates the absence of Arsenic |
Test for Ferric Iron: The extract is acidified with glacial acetic acid and potassium ferro cyanide |
No blue Colour is Formed |
No blue Colour is formed |
Absence of Ferric Iron |
Absence of Ferric Iron |
Test for Ferrous iron: The extract is treated with concentric nitric acid ammonium thiocynide solution. |
Blood red colour is formed |
Blood red colour is formed |
Indicates the Presence of Ferrous Iron |
Indicates the Presence of Ferrous Iron |
Table 5. Other constituents
EXPERIMENTS |
Observation |
Inference |
||
M1 |
M2 |
M1 |
M2 |
|
Test for the Alkaloids a)2 ml of the extract is treated with 2 ml of dil. potassium Iodide solution b)2ml of the extract is treated with 2ml of dil. Picric acid |
Reddish brown precipitation not formed Yellow precipitation not formed |
Reddish brown precipitation not formed Yellow precipitation not formed |
Indicates the absence of Alkaloids Indicates the absence of Alkaloids |
Indicates the absence of Alkaloids Indicates the absence of Alkaloids |
Test for Unsaturated Compounds Potassium permanganate solution is added to the extract |
It does not get decolourised |
It gets decolourised |
Indicates the Absence of unsaturated compounds |
Indicates the Presence of unsaturated compounds |
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In the preliminary test for this both Mandooram performed were same in action of heat by carbonate, and Ash test by Sodium as presence of elements. Flame test were same by copper as absence in both sample of Mandooram . Test for silicate,Chloride,Ferrous iron,were performed presence was found in both unpurified Mandooram and purified Mandooram.
In test for acid radicals were same in both unpurified and purified Mandooram in specially; nitrate, sulphide, fluoride & oxalate and nitrite. But test for Sulphate and Unsaturated compounds were performed presence in purified Mandooram and absence in unpurified Mandooram.
In test for basic radicals were found same result in both of Mandooram as absences of lead, copper, magnesium, ammonium, potassium and Arsenic and presence of Sodium and Mercury.
It is concluded as; that the aim of research is to find out the any physiochemical changes occur in the purification process of Mandooram as per Siddha literature. The physiochemical analysis shows that some chemical compounds presence after purification like silicate, Sulphate and unsaturated compounds. So, the purification process of raw drug applied in siddha system of medicine is essential for before drug preparation. This study will be alerted to further research in Mandooram.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express appreciation to Asst. Professor Dr. M. Johnson, Director, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai for provide facilities of bio chemical analysis in their Laboratory.
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